In several places\, the epistemologist Ernie Sosa has distinguished two varieties of knowledge: \;animal \;knowledge and \;reflective \;knowledge\, where &ldquo\;animal knowledge that p does not require that the knower have an epistemic perspective ... from which [one] endorses the source of that belief&rdquo\; whereas reflective knowledge &ldquo\;by contrast require such a perspective&rdquo\;. Sosa&rsquo\;s characterization makes it clear that he is concerned to distinguish two varieties of \;human propositional knowledge \;(what psychologists label &lsquo\;descriptive&rsquo\; or &lsquo\;declarative&rsquo\; knowledge)\, as opposed to nonpropositional (&lsquo\;procedural&rsquo\;) knowledge\, sometimes described as &lsquo\;knowledge how&rsquo\;. But Sosa&rsquo\;s discussion gives rise to questions that take us beyond human knowledge.
\nPhilosophers and psychologists of different stripes have increasingly questioned whether all \;humanknowledge &ndash\; even if not reflective in Sosa&rsquo\;s sense &ndash\; is best understood in terms provided by traditional epistemology\, viz. as requiring (at least) having a \;belief that \;something is the case (e.g.\, that there is a laptop in front of me right now\, that 2x3=6\, that vixen are female foxes\, that the way to get to campus is thus &\; so\, and so on)\, which belief is both \;true \;and \;justified \;by reference to the merits of the knower&rsquo\;s \;way(s) of forming \;the belief. It is not clear that this traditional analysis of knowledge is fit to account for competent adult human knowledge of logical truths\, of the rules of one&rsquo\;s language\, of one&rsquo\;s own present states of mind\, or even perceptual knowledge. And it is unlikely to fit what psychologists describe as &lsquo\;core knowledge&rsquo\; (the kind of fundamental understanding of the workings of the physical and social world that infants bring into the learning situation)\, or acquired knowledge of categories\, for example. Moving beyond the human case\, the analysis doesn&rsquo\;t seem to capture adequately talk of knowledge in connection with some of the cognitive abilities manifested by nonhuman animals.
\nThe aim of &ldquo\;Kinds of Knowledge&rdquo\; is to generate interdisciplinary discussion on varieties or types knowledge that are of interest to philosophers\, psychologists\, linguists\, and anthropologists (among others). We encourage contributions that discuss specific types of knowledge that appear to defy traditional epistemological analyses\, as well as ones that revisit traditional distinctions pertaining to different ways of knowing in light of new research and insights. Below are examples of potential topics (in no particular order):
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